TRB Lecturers in Government Polytechnic Colleges Physics Syllabus

TRB Lecturers in Government Polytechnic Colleges Physics Syllabus 2017. This is the final syllabus and remember it is enough to read just this portion to write TRB exam for Lecturers in Govt Polytechnic Colleges.

PHYSICS

UNIT 1: MATHEMATICAL METHODS
Differential Equations: recurrence formulae for Jn(x) - generating function for Jn(x) Hermite differential equation Hermite's polynomials – Generating function of Hermite polynomials Recurrence formulae for Hermite polynomials - Rodrigue's formula – Complex variables: analytic function - C-R differential equations - C-R equations in polar form –Laplace’s equation – examples - Cauchy's integral Theorem and formula - Taylor's series - Laurent's series - Singularities of an analysis function - Residues and their evaluation – Cauchy residue theorem - Evaluation of definite integrals (trigonometric functions of cos θ and sin θ only) Group theory : concept of a group - Abelian group – Generators of finite group - Cyclic groups Group multiplication table - Rearrangement theorem – Sub groups - Lagrange's theorem for finite group conjugate elements and classes - Group of symmetry of an equilateral triangle Group of symmetry of square – Representation of a group – Reducible and irreducible representation - Schur's lemmas - Orthogonality theorem - Tensor, beta and gamma functions: scalars, Contravariant and covariant vectors – Tensors of higher rank – Algebraic operation of tensors - Mixed tensor – Symmetric and anti-symmetric tensors – Quotient law - Beta and Gamma functions : Definitions - Symmetry property of Beta function – Other forms of Beta function - Evaluation of Gamma function – Other forms of Gamma function – Relation between Beta and Gamma functions - Examples.

UNIT 2: CLASICAL MECHANICS AND RELATIVITY
Lagrangian formulation: Generalized coordinates – Mechanics of a particle and system of particles (momentum and energy) D'Alemberts principle - Lagrange's equations – Applications (linear harmonic oscillator, simple pendulum isotropic oscillator and electrical circuit) Hamilton's equations - Applications (simple pendulum, compound pendulum and 20 harmonic oscillator) – Deduction of Hamilton's principle - Hamilton's variational principle – Principle of Least action. Canonical transformations : Equation of canonical transformations – Infinitesimal contact transformations – Lagrange and Poisson brackets as Canonical invariants – Equations of motion in Poisson bracket form - Jacobi's identity – Relation between Lagrange and Poisson brackets – Action angle variables - Euler's angles – Angular velocity of a rigid body - Euler's equation of motion – Relativity : Einstein's Mass – Energy relation – Relation between momentum and energy – Four vectors – Four velocity – Energy – Momentum four vectors – Four force Relativistic classification of particles – Relativistic Lagrangian, Hamilltonian function relativistic Lagrangian Hamiltonian of a charged particle in an E.M field.

UNIT 3: QUANTUM THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
General Principles of Quantum Mechanics: Wave packet – Time dependent and time independent Schrodinger equation - Linear vector space – Linear operator - Eigen function and Eigen values - Hermitian operator – Postulates of Quantum Mechanics – Simultaneous measurability of observables – General uncertainty relation - Dirac's notation – Applications : Square well potential with rigid walls and finite walls - Square potential barrier - Alpha emission – Bloch waves in a periodic potential – Kronig - Penny square-well periodic potential Linear harmonic oscillator: Schrodinger method - Operator method - Delta function - Particle moving in a spherically symmetric potential - System of two interacting particles – Rigid rotator Hydrogen atom - Hydrogen orbitals - Angular Momentum : The angular momentum operators Spin vectors for Spin-(1/2) system – Addition of angular momenta - Time independent and dependent Perturbation theory – Basic concepts – Non degenerate energy levels – Anharmonic oscillator: First-order correction – Ground state of Helium – Effect of electric field on the ground state of hydrogen - Transitions to continuum states – Absorption and emission radiation Einstein's A and B coefficients - Selection rules – Theory of Scattering : Scattering cross- section Scattering by a central potential : partial wave analysis - Significant number of partial waves Scattering by an attractive square - well potential - Breit-Wiger formula – Scattering length Expression for phase shifts – Integral equation – The Born approximation – Scattering by screened Coulomb potential - Validity of Born approximation – Laboratory and centre of mass co-ordinate system

UNIT 4: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
Electrostatics – Electric charge – electric charge density - Coulomb's law – Electric intensity -Electric potential – Gauss law- Applications – Boundary value problems in electrostatics – Methods of separation variables in Cartesian co-ordinates. Magneto statics - Ampere's circuital law - Magnetic scalar potential – Magnetic vector potential – Magnetization and Magnetization current – Magnetic intensity – Magnetic susceptibility. Equation of continuity – Displacement current - Maxwell's equation – Derivations – energy in electromagnetic fields - (poynting's theorem). Maxwell's equation in terms of electromagnetic potentials – Concept of gauge-Lorentz gauge. Plane electromagnetic wave and their propagation – Interaction of electromagnetic wave with matter on microscopic scale. Retarded potentials - Radiation from a linear antenna.

UNIT 5: THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS
Thermodynamics as phenomenological science – Thermodynamic systems - Closed, open, isolated systems – Thermodynamic processes - Adiabatic, isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, isentropic, cyclical and free expansion processes - Reversible, irreversible and Quasi-static processes – Equation of state – Intensive and extensive variables - The PV diagram. Conversion of work into heat and vice-versa – Efficiency - Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics – Clausius statement of the second law – Carnot cycle – Carnot refrigerator - Carnot's theorem and corollary. Equation of state of a gas from Avogadro's law – Ideal gas equation – Specific heat, internal energy and enthalpy of an ideal gas – Entropy change of an ideal gas – Reversible adiabatic process - Reversible isothermal process. Concept of entropy – Entropy of an ideal gas – The TS diagram - Entropy, reversibility and irreversibility. Microstate and Macrostate of macroscopic system, Phase space and Phase space density, Liouville theorem. Canonical ensemble canonical partition function. – Grand canonical ensemble - Density operator, Spin statistics connection, Grand partition function for ideal Bose and Fermi gases, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac and Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions, Application to Black body radiation: Bose theory(a) Debye theory of specific heat(b) Bose-Einstein condensation – Phase transitions.

UNIT 6:
Atomic and Molecular Physics Electromagnetic spectrum – Absorption or Emission of radiation - Line width - Natural line broadening – Doppler broadening – Pressure broadening - Removal of line broadening - X-ray Spectra – Emission and absorption spectra of X-rays. Regular and irregular doublet laws - X-ray satellites – Photoelectron spectroscopy - Ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometers – XPS techniques and Chemical information from photoelectron spectroscopy – Auger electron spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy – Vibrational Energy of a Diatomic molecule - The Diatomic Vibrating Rotator - The Vibrations of Polyatomic molecules – Rotation – Vibration spectra of Polyatomic molecules – Analysis by Infra-red Techniques – IR spectrophotometer Fourier Transform - IR spectrophotometer – Applications - Frank-Condon principle and dissociation energy. Raman Spectroscopy – Theories of Raman scattering – Rotational Raman Spectra – Vibrational Raman Spectra – Mutual Exclusion principle – Raman Spectrometer Polarization of Raman Scattered light – Structural determination from Raman and IR spectroscopy - Near IR – FT- Raman spectroscopy. Laser Spectroscopy - Basic principles: Comparison between conventional light sources and lasers – Saturation - Excitation methods – Detection methods – Laser Wavelength Setting – Doppler Limited Techniques. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - Basic principles – Magnetic resonance – Relaxation processes – Pulsed (Fourier Transform) NMR - Wide line NMR spectrometers – Spectra and molecular structure – Chemical shifts - Spin-spin coupling – Integration - Applications. - Principles of Mossbauer spectroscopy – Chemical shifts – Quadrupole splitting and Zeeman splitting. Applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy.

 

UNIT 7: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
Elements of X-ray Crystallography and defects in solids – Miller indices – Point groups - Space group – Reciprocal lattice - Bragg's law interpretation – Structure factor - Fcc and Bcc structures – Electron density distribution experimental techniques for crystal structure studies (powder, Laue, rotation crystal method) – Electron and neutron diffraction methods – Point defects - Color centres – Line defects – Edge dislocation – Screw dislocation – Dislocation method. Semiconductors – Intrinsic semiconductor and extrinsic semiconductor - Mobility, drift velocity and conductivity of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors – Carrier concentration in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors - Band model. Magnetic properties – Magnetic permeability – Theory of diamagnetism - Langevin's theory of paramagnetism – Weiss theory – Paramagnetic susceptibility of a solid – Calculation of susceptibility – Quantum theory of paramagnetism determination of susceptibility – Para and diamagnetic materials - Ferromagnetism Spontaneous magnetism in ferromagnetism - Curie-Weiss law – Ferromagnetic domains - domain theory Antiferromagnetism - Structure of ferritesDielectric properties - Microscopic concepts of polarization - Langevin's theory of polarization in polar dielectrics - Local fields in liquids and solids – Evaluation of local fields for cubic structure – Clausius – Mossotti relation - Lorentz formula - Ferroelectricity - Dipole theory of ferroelectricity – Classification of ferroelectric materials – Antiferroelectricity - Piezoelectricity - The complex dielectric constant and dielectric loss.

UNIT 8: NUCLEAR AND P ARTICLE PHYSICS
Elements of nuclear Structure and Systematics : Theories of nuclear composition (proton-electron theory, proton-neutron theory) – Mass spectroscopy – Bainbridge and Jordan mass spectrograph - Nier's mass spectrometer – Deuteron – Magnetic and quadra pole moment of deuteron - Ground state of deuteron – Excited state of deuteron - The meson theory of nuclear force - Yukawa potential – Properties of Stable Nuclei and Nuclei models - Semi empirical mass formula - Nuclear models - Shell models –Magic numbers – Single particle model – Collective model – liquid drop model - Magnetic moments and shell model – Prediction of angular momenta of nuclear ground state - Nuclear Reaction Studies. Conservation laws for nuclear reactions – Nuclear energy - Photo nuclear reaction – fission process – cross sections – Bohr Wheeler theory - Elementary Particles – Classification of elementary particles – Fundamental interactions - Electromagnetic, strong, weak gravitational interactions - Parameters of elementary particles - Conservation laws – Quarks theory.

UNIT 9: ELECTRONICS
Semiconductor Diodes: Operation, characteristics and applications of Zener and Avalanche, Varactor, Schottky - barrier, Tunnel diodes; Construction, operation and Characteristics of BJT, FET and MOSFET-FET amplifier – Negative Resistance and Devices -Uni-Junction transistor and its characteristics - UJT relaxation oscillator - UJT applications - Tunnel diode characteristics and applications - Gunn Diode mechanism – Characteristics and applications SCR - characteristics and applications. IC-Fabrication Technology – Monolithic IC process refining and growth of silicon crystals - Silicon Wafer – Operational Amplifier – Characteristics of ideal and practical Op Amps – Parameters of Op Amp – Theory of inverting amplifier – virtual ground - Theory of non-inverting amplifier – Sinusoidal oscillators – Phase shift oscillator - Wein Bridge oscillator – Crystal oscillator – Multi vibrator – Comparator – Schmitt trigger - Square wave and triangular wave generators – Active filters – Digital Electronics Fundamentals – Number systems - Binary arithmetic – 8421 code-excess – grey code –ASCII code – Logic gates and logic circuits - Boolean algebra – De Morgan's theorems – Arithmetic circuits – Simplification using Karnaugh's map - problems.

UNIT 10: EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS
Measurement of energy and time using electronic signals from the detectors and associated instrumentation – Signal processing – A/D conversion – Multichannel analyzers – Time-of-flight Technique – Coincidence Measurements – True to chance ratio – Correlation studies. Error Analysis and Hypothesis testing – Propagation of errors - Plotting of Graph – Distributions - Least squares fitting – Criteria for goodness of fits – Chi square test - Measurement of fundamental constants : e,h,c - Measurement of high and low resistances, inductance and capacitance - Detection of X-rays, Gamma rays, charged particles, neutrons - Ionization chamber – Proportional counter – GM counter – Scintillation detectors – Solid State detectors - Vacuum Techniques – Basic idea of conductance, pumping speed – Pumps : Mechanical Pump - Diffusion pump – Gauges – Thermocouple gauge – Penning gauge – Pirani gauge – Hot Cathode gauge - Low temperature systems - Cooling a sample over a range up to 4 K - Measurement of low temperatures.